Preliminary Analysis of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles of Coffea arabica L., in Samples with a Denomination of Origin and Speciality of Oaxaca, Mexico.

In February 2020, Coffea arabica L. grown on the coast and in the Southern Sierra Madre of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico obtained the denomination of origin. Which does not have data on color and chemical composition, the first associated with the degree of roasting and the second with lipids (17-18%), as the group of compounds responsible, in part, for flavor, consistency, and may contribute to health benefits. In the present work, color was determined on the CIE L*a*b* scale and the unsaturated fatty acids by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of 1H and 13C in samples of medium roasted specialty coffee from the "Pluma" coffee-growing region, Oaxaca, Mexico. The average value of L* luminosity in ground coffee was 42.1 ± 0.1 reported for a light roast. Unsaturated fatty acids were quantified from the lipid fraction of the gr1 ound grain by NMR 1H and 13C, obtaining on average the highest abundance of linoleic (41.7 ± 0.5 by 1 H and 41.24 ± 0.5 by 13C), followed by oleic (9.2 ± 0.2 by 1H and 7.4 ± 0.2 by 13C) and linolenic (1.5 ± 0.1 by H and 1.1 ± 0.2 by 13C). This study indicates that 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy is a useful tool for the quantification of linolenic, linoleic, and oleic fatty acids by the method of key signal shifts of these acids found in lipid samples in roasted coffee grains.

The Role of B Cell and T Cell Glycosylation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that affects the stability, structure, antigenicity and charge of proteins. In the immune system, glycosylation is involved in the regulation of ligand-receptor interactions, such as in B-cell and T-cell activating receptors. Alterations in glycosylation have been described in several autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which alterations have been found mainly in the glycosylation of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and immunoglobulins. In immunoglobulin G of lupus patients, a decrease in galactosylation, sialylation, and nucleotide fucose, as well as an increase in the N-acetylglucosamine bisector, are observed. These changes in glycoisolation affect the interactions of immunoglobulins with Fc receptors and are associated with pericarditis, proteinuria, nephritis, and the presence of antinuclear antibodies. In T cells, alterations have been described in the glycosylation of receptors involved in activation, such as the T cell receptor; these changes affect the affinity with their ligands and modulate the binding to endogenous lectins such as galectins. In T cells from lupus patients, a decrease in galectin 1 binding is observed, which could favor activation and reduce apoptosis. Furthermore, these alterations in glycosylation correlate with disease activity and clinical manifestations, and thus have potential use as biomarkers. In this review, we summarize findings on glycosylation alterations in SLE and how they relate to immune system defects and their clinical manifestations.

Evaluación de la microencapsulación de ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos para ser empleados en la fertilización de liberación controlada para plantas de ornato con alto valor comercial / Evaluation of the microencapsulation of humic and fulvic acids to be used in controlled release fertilization for ornamental plants with high commercial value

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la microencapsulación de ácidos humícos y fúlvicos para ser empleados en la fertilización a través de la liberación controlada para plantas de ornato con un alto valor comercial, con ello se busca generar una alternativa de reducción en el impacto ambiental provocado por otros tipos de fertilizantes para los mismos fines, es importante mencionar que la producción de plantas de ornato es considerada como una industria que requiere de costos elevados durante su iniciación y mantenimiento, destacando el incremento de costos debido a la utilización de materiales importados tales como: vermiculitas, lana roca, turbas, muzgos, nitrato de potasio, nitrato de calcio y fosfonitratos, se debe tomar en cuenta que los productos comerciales más utilizados para la fertilización han demostrado poseer propiedades fisicoquímicas adecuadas para el desarrollo de los cultivos por lo tanto, el desarrollo de fertilizantes alternativos a los tradicionales habrán de cuidar de manera especial dichos aspectos, además de no ocasionar daño al suelo evitando así la generación de contaminantes residuales.(AU)

The objective of this work is to evaluate the microencapsulation of humic and fulvic acids to be used in fertilization through controlled release for ornamental plants with a high commercial value, thereby seeking to generate an alternative to reduce the impact environmental caused by other types of fertilizers for the same purposes, it is important to mention that the production of ornamental plants is considered as an industry that requires high costs during its initiation and maintenance, highlighting the increase in costs due to the use of imported materials such as: vermiculites, rock wool, peat, muzgos, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate and phosphonitrate, it should be taken into account that the most used commercial products for fertilization have shown to have adequate physicochemical properties for the development of crops, therefore, the development of alternative fertilizers to the traditional ones will have to take special care of these aspects, in addition to not causing damage to the soil, thus avoiding the generation of residual contaminants.(AU)

Evaluación del crecimiento radial de Lactarius volemus en medio semisólido / Evaluation of radial growth of Lactarius volemus in semisolid medium

Objetivo: Evaluar el crecimiento radial de Lactarius volemus en cinco medios de cultivo semisólidos in vitro.Materiales y métodos: Cuerpos fructíferos de L. volemus provenientes de la Sierra Norte del estado de Oaxaca, México, se cultivaron en laboratorio en medios Agar Papa Dextrosa, Agar Czapek-Dox, Agar Extracto de Malta, Agar Papa Sacarosa y Agar Dextrosa Saboraud; mediante dos técnicas de sembrado. Se evaluaron las características morfológicas de colonias obtenidas de distintas muestras del cuerpo fructífero, así como el crecimiento radial de cada una.Resultados: El crecimiento colonial evaluado permitió seleccionar un medio que reúne las condiciones óptimas para el cultivo de Lactarius volemus in vitro. No todas las muestras utilizadas desarrollan un crecimiento abundante: la muestra proveniente del látex presenta un crecimiento escaso.Conclusiones: Con la evaluación del crecimiento radial de Lactarius volemus se obtiene una referencia directa del ciclo de crecimiento de esta especie; es posible identificar las fases exponencial y estacionaria pero las condiciones del medio no permiten evaluar la fase de muerte debido a la deshidratación y reducción del agar.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the radial growth of Lactarius volemus in five semi-solid culture media in vitro.Materials and methods: Fruitful bodies of L. volemus from the Sierra Norte of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, were cultured in the laboratory in Potato Dextrose Agar Papa, Czapek-Dox Agar, Malt Extract Agar, Potato Sucrose Agar and Dextrose Saboraud Agar; using two seeding techniques. The morphological characteristics of colonies obtained from different samples of the fruiting body were evaluated, as well as the radial growth of each one.Results: The evaluated colonial growth allowed to select a culture medium that meets the optimal conditions for the cultivation of Lactarius volemus in vitro. Not all samples used develop abundant growth: the sample from latex shows little growth.Conclusions: With the evaluation of the radial growth of Lactarius volemus a direct reference to the growth cycle of this species is obtained; it is possible to identify the exponential and stationary phases but the conditions of the medium do not allow evaluating the phase of death due to dehydration and reduction of the agar.(AU)

Cuantificación de la actividad específica de lectina en teosinte Zea diploperennis / Quantification of specific lectin activity in teosinte Zea diploperennis

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad específica de lectina en teosinte Zea diploperennis sano e infectado con Ustilago maydis.Materiales y métodos: Plántulas de Zea diploperennis de 6 días de crecimiento fueron inoculadas con Ustilago maydis. Se evaluó la concentración de proteínas totales y la actividad hemaglutinante de extractos crudos de teosinte sano e infectado en placas de microtitulación con eritrocitos tipo O al 3% siguiendo la técnica de diluciones dobles seriadas durante 6 días. Resultados: La concentración de proteínas totales se incrementa en coleoptilo sano durante cada día de su crecimiento. No así en teosinte infectado donde la curva presenta una tendencia a la baja desde el momento de la inoculación. La actividad específica de lectina disminuye en ambos casos desde el primer día de cuantificación. Conclusiones: La evidente reducción en la actividad de lectina en teosinte infectado en comparación con teosinte sano podría explicar la susceptibilidad de este teosinte a dicho fitopatógeno. Si bien, la participación de las lectinas de teosinte y maíz en el mecanismo de defensa a Ustilago maydis todavía no ha sido esclarecida, los resultados obtenidos contribuyen a la comprensión del efecto que puede tener la concentración de lectina y proteína sobre la resistencia en teosinte.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the specific activity of lectin in healthy and infected teosinte Zea diploperennis with Ustilago maydis. Materials and methods: Zea diploperennis seedlings of 6 days of growth were inoculated with Ustilago maydis. Total protein concentration and hemagglutinating activity of crude extracts of healthy and infected teosinte were evaluated in microtiter plates with 3% type O red cells following the technique of serial double dilutions for 6 days. Results: The concentration of total proteins increases in healthy coleoptile during each day of its growth. Not so in infected teosinte where the curve shows a downward trend from the moment of inoculation. The specific lectin activity decreases in both cases from the first day of quantification. Conclusions: The evident reduction in lectin activity in infected teosinte compared to healthy teosinte could explain the susceptibility of this teosinte to said phytopathogen. Although the participation of the teosinte and corn lectins in the defense mechanism against Ustilago maydis has not yet been clarified, the results obtained contribute to the understanding of the effect that the concentration of lectin and protein can have on resistance in teosinte.(AU)

Vitis vinifera: An Alternative for the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

To present a systematic review of published studies in databases such as PUBMED, REDALYC, SCIELO, DIALNET, SCOPUS, EBSCO and CONRICYT related to the role-played by the components present in the vegetable oil of grape seed (Vitis vinífera) and the prevention or delay in the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The analysis of the research revealed that neurodegenerative diseases causes alterations in consciousness or in the nervous system leading to severe damage in neuronal cells, these pathologies are considered gradual and progressive. Various syndromes manifest the degenerative diseases of the nervous system; in some of them the predominant symptom is the progressive dementia. Among the components of the diet that in numerous epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association are vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, the latter being the ones addressed in this document. There is an important evidence that a nutritional support based on polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants can be applied to subjects with a history of neurodegenerative conditions in order to act as neuroprotectors. This requires the determination of the nutritional benefits of these nutrients or of nutraceuticals for the health of this group of patients.

[Increasing consumption of dietary fiber complementary to the treatment of metabolic syndrome]. / Incremento en el consumo de fibra dietética complementario al tratamiento del síndrome metabólico.

INTRODUCTION: the amount of fiber ingested in Latin American countries is lower (10-20 g/d) than recommended (35 g/d). An increase isrecommended for patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) to reduce cardiovascular risk, as well as to prevent obesity and other complications. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate whether increased dietary fiber consumption complements MS treatment and improves clinical and laboratory parameters in subjects at the San Martín Mexicapam "La Joya" Health Center, Oaxaca (Mexico). METHODS: an analytical-longitudinal study was carried out from January to April 2017, to evaluate nutritional status before and after intervention with dietary fiber and to measure cholesterol levels, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose. An increase of 15 g of fiber (fruits-vegetables and/or oat bran and/or wheat bran) was indicated in the usual diet over eight weeks. RESULTS: the sample consisted of 30 participants from the Mutual Aid Group diagnosed with MS, with an average age of 37.26 years, starting from a body mass index (BMI) of 30.75 kg/cm2 and levels of fasting glycemia at 153.87 mg/dl, triglycerides at 209.67 mg/dl, and cholesterol at 213.81 mg/dl. Following the intervention, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was obtained with a BMI of 29.7 kg/cm2, fasting glycemia at 127.77 mg/dl, triglycerides at 179.71 mg/dl and cholesterol at 207.13 mg/dl. CONCLUSION: a reduction in the results for the parameters tested in patients of MS is improved by a greater consumption of dietary fiber, such as oat bran. However, additional studies are required to generate clearer recommendations.

Incremento en el consumo de fibra dietética complementario al tratamiento del síndrome metabólico / Increasing consumption of dietary fiber complementary to the treatment of metabolic síndrome

Introducción: la fibra ingerida por la población en Latinoamérica es inferior (10-20 g/d) a lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (25-35 g/d). Su consumo se debe promover para pacientes con síndrome metabólico (SM), ya que reduce el riesgo cardiovascular y previene la obesidad y alteraciones asociadas. Objetivo: evaluar si el incremento del consumo de fibra dietética como coadyuvante para el tratamiento de SM en sujetos del Centro de Salud de San Martín Mexicapam "La Joya", Oaxaca (México), mejora los parámetros clínicos y laboratoriales de los mismos. Métodos: se trató de un estudio analítico-longitudinal llevado a cabo desde enero hasta abril de 2017, en el cual se evaluó el estado nutricional antes y después de la intervención con fibra dietética y se midieron los niveles de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en sangre en ayuno. Se indicó un incremento de 15 g de fibra (frutas-verduras y/o salvado de avena y/o salvado de trigo) a la dieta habitual por un lapso continuo de ocho semanas. Resultados: la muestra fue de 30 participantes del Grupo de Ayuda Mutua diagnosticados con SM, cuya media de edad fue de 37,26 años y con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) al inicio de 30,75 kg/cm2, glucemia de ayuno de 153,87 mg/dl, triglicéridos de 209,67 mg/dl y colesterol de 213,81 mg/dl. Al finalizar la intervención se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05): IMC de 29,7 kg/cm2, glucemia de ayuno de 127,77 mg/dl, triglicéridos de 179,71 mg/dl y colesterol de 207,13 mg/dl. Conclusión: el incremento del consumo de fibra dietética (salvado de avena) funciona como complemento al tratamiento del SM para disminuir los parámetros clínicos y laboratoriales de los sujetos de estudio. Sin embargo, se requiere de más estudios para generar recomendaciones más claras

Introduction: the amount of fiber ingested in Latin American countries is lower (10-20 g/d) than recommended (35 g/d). An increase is recommended for patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) to reduce cardiovascular risk, as well as to prevent obesity and other complications. Objective: to evaluate whether increased dietary fiber consumption complements MS treatment and improves clinical and laboratory parameters in subjects at the San Martin Mexicapam "La Joya" Health Center, Oaxaca (Mexico). Methods: an analytical-longitudinal study was carried out from January to April 2017, to evaluate nutritional status before and after intervention with dietary fiber and to measure cholesterol levels, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose. An increase of 15 g of fiber (fruits-vegetables and/ or oat bran and/or wheat bran) was indicated in the usual diet over eight weeks. Results: the sample consisted of 30 participants from the Mutual Aid Group diagnosed with MS, with an average age of 37.26 years, starting from a body mass index (BMI) of 30.75 kg/cm2 and levels of fasting glycemia at 153.87 mg/dl, triglycerides at 209.67 mg/dl, and cholesterol at 213.81 mg/dl. Following the intervention, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was obtained with a BMI of 29.7 kg/cm2, fasting glycemia at 127.77 mg/dl, triglycerides at 179.71 mg/dl and cholesterol at 207.13 mg/dl. Conclusion: a reduction in the results for the parameters tested in patients of MS is improved by a greater consumption of dietary fiber, such as oat bran. However, additional studies are required to generate clearer recommendations